Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401COMPATIBILITY OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES WITH THE STANDARDS OF ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN OF GREEN BUILDINGS5275378784110.21608/auej.2020.87841ENNourhan MohamedSubhi Sharaf El-DinArchitecture Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptMohamed Salah El-DinEl-SaidArchitecture Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptWael SeddikMoustafaArchitecture Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptHeba MohamedAbdouArchitecture Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20200508The world today faces challenges in the form of population growth, resource consumption, environmental degradation, climate change and energy crises. Unless some immediate remedial measures are taken, things are expected to get worse. There is a need to protect the environment by preserving it through the production of clean energy, represented by new and renewable energies, to deal with energy problems and environmental degradation. The close link between development and environment has led to a phenomenon called sustainability, which requires attention to environmental protection, taking into account that renewable energies are one of the most important means of protecting the environment. Therefore, many countries are now developing renewable energy sources and set a goal to achieve the efficiency of the built environment and face future environmental challenges and construction. The paper presents the relationship between the use of renewable energies and the adoption of building design as sustainable buildings. The aims of the study are that there is a direct positive relationship between the use of properties acquired by renewable energies as a complementary method in the field of energy efficiency in buildings and the adoption of sustainable building design, according to one of the most important global sustainable building assessment systems, the system of energy leadership and environmental design (LEED). Determining the number of points that the use of renewable energies can contribute and is appropriate to the total number of points for all determinants and strategies of sustainability in global building sustainability assessment systems.<br /> <br /> يواجه العالم اليوم تحديات في شکل النمو السکاني، واستهلاک الموارد والتدهور البيئي وتغير المناخ وأزمات الطاقة. ما لم يتم اتخاذ بعض التدابير العلاجية الفورية، من المتوقع أن تزداد الأمور سوءًا. هناک حاجة لحماية البيئة وذلک بالحفاظ عليها من خلال إنتاج الطاقة النظيفة المتمثلة في الطاقات الجديدة والمتجددة، للتعامل مع مشاکل الطاقة والتدهور البيئي. أدي الارتباط الوثيق بين التنمية والبيئة إلى ظهور ما يسمى الاستدامة، الأمر الذي يستلزم الاهتمام بحماية البيئة، مع اخذ في<br /> الاعتبار ان الطاقات المتجددة أحد أهم وسائل حماية البيئة. لذلک نجد الکثير من الدول ألان تقوم بتطوير مصادر الطاقات المتجددة وتضعه هدفا تسعى لتحقيقه في رفع کفاءة البيئة المشيدة ومواجهة التحديات البيئية المستقبلية ومجال البناء.<br /> تطرح الورقة البحثية إلى توضيح العلاقة بين استخدام الطاقات المتجددة وبين اعتماد تصميم المباني کمباني مستدامة. وتتلخص أهداف الدراسة بان هناک علاقة إيجابية مباشرة بين استخدام الخصائص التي اکتسبتها الطاقات المتجددة کأسلوب مکمل في مجال کفاءة الطاقة في المباني واعتماد تصميم المباني المستدامة وفقا لأحد أهم نظم تقييم البناء المستدام العالمية وهو نظام الريادة في الطاقة والتصميم البيئي. وبيان عدد النقاط التي يمکن أن تسهم بها استخدام الطاقات المتجددة وبين ملائمة مع عدد النقاط الکلي لجميع محددات واستراتيجيات الاستدامة في نظم تقييم استدامة المباني العالمية.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-841815552020040119TH CENTURY PALACES AS AN INTERMEDIARY TO TRANSFER THE ELEMENTS OF VISUAL CREATIVITY TO CONTEMPORARY HOUSING ARCHITECTURE (AN APPLIED STUDY TO MEASURE THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS OF VISUAL CREATIVITY ON SOME FACADES OF MODERN VILLAS IN FIFTH AVENUE)6426628784210.21608/auej.2020.87842ENHaidy SaberIbrahim MohamedDemonstrator, Architecture Dept, Delta Higher Institute for Engineering and Technology,
Mansoura, EgyptMohamed Salah El DeinEl SayedArchitecture Dept, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgypWael SeddikMoustafaArchitecture Dept, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgypHeba MohamedAbdoArchitecture Dept, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EgypJournal Article20200508Recently many changes appeared in the vocabulary of architecture in Egypt, consequently, this has affected the political, economic, social and cultural life in Egypt and architecture has been greatly influenced by Western architecture, Architecture in Egypt has become a simulation of Western architecture without thinking about the reasons for the existence of these Western trends, Consequently, the research directed to monitor this architectural dependence of palaces in Egypt in the 19th century and how the elements of visual creativity affect on contemporary residential villas and analyze the trends of architecture in Egypt at present, whether local or Western.<br /> <br /> ظهرت الکثير من التغيرات في مفردات العمارة في مصر في الآونة الأخيرة، وبالتالي قد أثر ذلک على الحياة السياسية والإقتصادية والإجتماعية والثقافية في مصر وتأثرت العمارة بشکل کبير بالعمارة الغربية، وأصبحت العمارة في مصر محاکيه للعمارة الغربية بدون التفکير في أسباب وجود هذه الإتجاهات الغربية، وبالتالي توجه البحث لرصد هذه التبعية المعمارية للقصور في مصر في القرن 19 وکيفية تأثير عناصر الإبداع التشکيلي لها على الفيلات السکنية المعاصرة وتحليل إتجاهات العمارة الموجودة في مصر في الوقت الحالي سواء کانت محلية أو غربية.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN OF HEALTHCARE BUILDINGS7147308784310.21608/auej.2020.87843ENAhmed Al HusseinTohlobArchitectural Dept, Misr Institute for Engineering and Technology, Mansoura, EgyptJournal Article20200508Buildings of healthcare should have requirements and needs of the architectural design. These <br />requirements stem from the actual needs of each society, but at the same time can benefit effectively <br />from the experiences of developed countries in this area - both were similar circumstances or different <br />in order to reach the highest performance of the building. In this case, the requirements of indicators <br />are used as a checklist to determine which different elements to be met and relied on throughout the <br />studies carried out by some international organizations, research and reports of interest. Such <br />checklists can be considered as efficient source to determine the requirements to be accessible. In the <br />same context, there are several determinants of help to improve the environmental performance of the <br />building and checklist adapted to the building with the surrounding environment without damaging the <br />building or the environment with the convenience of individuals, which may result in knowledge of <br />the requirements of the design and an analysis of each side to develop on a regular, ongoing basis. <br />Hence, the research will deal with findings of the performance of a number of global systems <br />associated with sustainable healthcare buildings and also the evaluation system in Egypt as the local <br />system. It aims to clarify each system and credit of the achievement of those parameters in order to <br />access to the determinants of improving the performance of the building in the context of a specific <br />and comprehensive environmental analysis. It will gain access to the methodology in the context of <br />the most important determinants affecting the performance of the building in terms of energy, water, <br />emissions, transport, materials and resources.<br /> <br /> Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401CLASSIFYING MOSQUES ACCORDING TO THE SYMBOLISM OF THE ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS AN ANALYTICAL STUDY OF A BASOUNAH MOSQUE - EGYP6316418784410.21608/auej.2020.87844ENHesham OsmanAbd ElrahmanDepartment of Architectural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhr University,
Qena, EgyptJournal Article20200508Mosques have a special historical character and architectural richness that surpasses other architectural works. It is not limited to performing its function as a house of worship only; rather it exceeds it, as it carries within it a record of the history of islamic civilization throughout its ages. In many Muslim-majority countries, the historical picture of mosque architecture has dominated minds. That image is reused in designing the mosque elements. The architectural elements in the mosques were transformed into symbolic elements, so the minaret and the dome became the most prominent formation elements of the mosque architecture and the visual image of the islamic city. Thus, the features of the formative legacy of the mosque’s architecture and its expressive elements are associated with fixed frameworks that they do not overlook, which are the original when designing any mosque,Which prompted the expressive formulation of the mosque to be predetermined, linked in the minds of the designer and the user in forms that may not accept change. With the emergence of modern architectural trends at the end of the eighteenth century, as a result of many social, political and economic factors, along with the emergence and development of new materials in construction,<br /> <br /> This in turn affected the architecture of mosques and changed the historical mental image and developed it at the urban, formal and technical levels. This problem, which represents a state of contradiction, led to the emergence of modern forms of the architectural vocabulary of the mosque and even their disappearance in other times. Therefore, the research focuses through its theoretical and analytical methodology to analyze theories and opinions about the symbolism and modernity of the original architectural elements in the architectural composition of the mosque without entering into its historical development. Extracting a classification of contemporary mosques according to the symbolism of their architectural elements, This is followed by an analytical study of symbolic elements in one of the contemporary mosque models, through studying the concept of symbolism in architecture and reviewing the modern architectural elements of the mosque through this concept.<br /> <br /> تتميز المساجد بطابع تاريخى خاص وثراء معمارى يفوق نظائرها من الأعمال المعمارية. فهى لا تقتصر على أداء وظيفتها کونها دار للتعبد فقط؛ بل تتعدى ذلک فهى تحمل فى طياتها توثيقا لتاريخ الحضارة الإسلامية على مر عصورها.<br /> وقد هيمنت الصورة التاريخية لعمارة المسجد على الأذهان في کثير من الدول ذات الغالبية الإسلامية، ويتم إعادة استخدام تلک الصورة فى تصميم عناصر المسجد. فتحولت العناصر المعمارية فى المساجد إلى عناصر رمزية فالمئذنة، والقبة أصبحوا أبرز البنى التشکيلية المميزة لعمارة المسجد والصورة البصرية للمدينة الإسلامية، وبالتالى فإن ملامح الإرث التشکيلى لعمارة المسجد ومفراداته التعبيرية ارتبطت بأطر ثابتة لا تتخطاها، جسدت المورد والباعث لنشأة أى مسجد، وهو الأمر الذى دفع بالصياغة التعبيرية للمسجد لتکون محددة سلفا، ترتبط فى أذهان المصمم والمستخدم بروئ قد لا تحتمل التغيير.<br /> ومع ظهور الاتجاهات المعمارية الحديثة مع نهاية القرن الثامن عشر نتيجة العديد من العوامل الاجتماعية والسياسية والاقتصادية إلى جانب ظهور وتطور مواد جديدة في الانشاء مما أثر بالتالي على عمارة المساجد وغير من الصورة الذهنية التاريخية وطورها على المستوى الحضري والشکلي والتقني.<br /> هذه الإشکالية التى تمثل حالة من التناقض أدت إلى ظهور أشکال حديثة للمفردات المعمارية للمسجد بل واختفائها فى أحيان أخرى. لذا فإن البحث يرکز من خلال منهجيه النظرى والتحليلى إلى تحليل النظريات والأراء حول رمزية وحداثة المفردات المعمارية الأصيلة فى التکوين المعمارى للمسجد دون الدخول فى التطور التاريخى لها. مستخلصا تصنيفا للمساجد المعاصرة طبقا لرمزية العناصر المعمارية بها، ومتبعا ذلک بدراسة تحليلية للعناصر الرمزية فى أحد نماذج المساجد المعاصرة. وذلک من خلال دراسة مفهوم الرمزية فى العمارة واستعراض العناصر المعمارية الحديثة للمسجد من خلال هذا المفهوم.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401IMPROVING CAR PARKING MANAGEMENT IN UNIVERSITY CITIES: THE CASE STUDY OF KING SAUD UNIVERSITY6726848784510.21608/auej.2020.87845ENAbdulaziz JarallahAl-DegheishmUrban Planning Department, College of Architecture and Planning, King Saud University,
Al Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaJournal Article20200508This research aims to study how to provide and manage car parking at King Saud University by reviewing the basic principles of management, analysis of the current status of land use, attitudes, the volume of traffic, the characteristics of the campus university, and the need to provide parking management within the university city. It also describes the estimate supply and demand situations through field surveys that have been done for this study and take advantage of previous studies have been carried out in this field, where they were positioning quality, type and available from places stand in all of them have been identified demand for parking in terms of number of vehicles in each parking and the duration of stand compared to the absorptive capacity of the demand size. This research also reviews the critical issues facing the current situation of the parking and in the future, where demand is expected to expand the uses of land and the establishment of a number of future facilities. The study concludes in addressing the current situation of the parking and work to improve it through a number of policies which include the importance of providing the required number of parking for each new facilities and the provision of access to parking and improve communication between the plazas and buildings parking with the need to identify the parking to be used by specific groups and improve the design of plazas and provide a safe and comfortable pedestrian corridors. It also recommends research to follow policies designed to reduce the demand for attitudes and distributed geographically so can be used by other modes of transport such as public transport or walking and the use of intelligent transport systems that contribute to make the most of the parking lots available with enforcement of traffic violations for the misuse of parking and punish violators.<br /> <br /> يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة کيفية توفير وتشغيل وإدارة المواقف بجامعة الملک سعود وذلک باستعراض المبادئ الأساسية لإدارة المواقف وتحليل الوضع الراهن للاستخدامات الأراضي والمواقف وحجم الحرکة المرورية وخصائصها بالمدينة الجامعية وضرورة توفير وإدارة مواقف السيارات ضمن المدينة الجامعية. کما توضح الدراسة تقدير العرض والطلب على المواقف وذلک من خلال المسوح الميدانية التي تم عملها لهذه الدراسة والاستفادة من دراسات سابقة تم القيام بها في هذا المجال، حيث تم تحديد مواقع ونوعية المواقف والمتوفر من أماکن الوقوف في کل منها کما تم تحديد الطلب على المواقفمن حيث عدد المرکبات في کل موقف ومدة الوقوف ومقارنة الطاقة الاستيعابية للمواقف مع حجم الطلب. کما يستعرض البحث القضايا الحرجة التي يواجهها الوضع الحالي للمواقف ووضعها في المستقبل من حيث الطلب المتوقع بناء على التوسع في استخدامات الأراضي وقيام عدد من المنشآت المستقبلية. ويخلص البحث في معالجة الوضع الحالي للمواقف والعمل على تحسينه من خلال عدداً من السياسات والتي تشمل أهمية توفير العدد المطلوب من المواقف لکل المنشآت الجديدة وتوفير إمکانية الوصول إلى المواقف وتحسين سبل الاتصال بين ساحات ومباني المواقف مع ضرورة تحديد مواقف لاستخدامها من قبل مجموعات محددة وتحسين تصميم ساحات المواقف وتوفير ممرات مشاة أمنه ومريحة. کما يوصي البحث بإتباع سياسات عامة تهدف للحد من الطلب على المواقف وتوزيعها جغرافياً حتى يمکن استخدامها من خلال وسائط نقل أخرى کالنقل العام أو المشي واستخدام أنظمة النقل الذکي التي تساهم في الاستفادة القصوى من المواقف المتوفرة مع تطبيق المخالفات للاستخدام الخاطئ للمواقف ومعاقبة المخالفين.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401ACHIEVING THE QUALITY OF THE LIGHT ENVIRONMENT INSIDE HOTEL ROOMS USING SMART SYSTEMS6636718784610.21608/auej.2020.87846ENDalia MagdyMohammed Morci Kassem*Architecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, University EgyptAhmed RAbdinArchitecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, University EgyptMohsenAbo-ElnagaArchitecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, University EgyptGehan AElsaidArchitecture Department, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo, University EgyptJournal Article20200508This research presents how to achieve the quality of the photovoltaic environment for hotel accommodation in hotels using smart systems, as reducing energy consumption rates is a major goal of the smart hotel design, which is directly related to the efficiency of the internal environment of the guest rooms, the higher the quality of the photovoltaic environment, the lower the rates Energy consumption, as it achieves a quality environment in the hotel's accommodation rooms, achieving visual comfort.<br /> A high-quality indoor environment is provided with attention to the quality of the "thermal environment" and the quality of "indoor air environment" as well as a good "light environment", which affects the visitor's sense of comfort inside the room through the elements of perceptual components of that internal environment, as the quality of the internal environment is linked A direct correlation to achieving energy efficiency, and this research will explain how to achieve the quality of the photovoltaic environment in smart hotel rooms, thus achieving comfort for visitors and reduces energy consumption by using smart systems.<br /> <br /> تقدم هذه الورقة البحثية کيفية تحقيق جودة البيئة الضوئية لغرف الإقامة في الفنادق باستخدام الأنظمة الذکية، حيث أن تقليل معدلات استهلاک الطاقة هدف رئيسي من أهداف تصميم الفندق الذکي، وهو ما يرتبط مباشرة بمدى کفاءة البيئة الداخلية لغرف الإقامة، فکلما زادت جودة البيئة الضوئية کلما قلت معدلات استهلاک الطاقة، کما أنه يحقق جودة بيئة داخل غرف الإقامة للزائرين في الفندق، ومحققة للراحة البصرية.<br /> يتم توفير بيئة داخلية عالية الجودة بالاهتمام بجودة "البيئة الحرارية" وجودة "بيئة الهواء الداخلية" وأيضا "بيئة ضوئية" جيدة، وهو ما يؤثر على شعور الزائر بالراحة داخل الغرفة من خلال عناصر الإدراک الحسي لمکونات تلک البيئة الداخلية، کما أن جودة البيئة الداخلية مرتبطة ارتباطا طردياً بتحقيق کفاءة الطاقة، وهذا البحث سوف يوضح کيفية تحقيق جودة البيئة الضوئية في غرف الفنادق الذکية مما يحقق راحة للزائرين ويقلل من استهلاک الطاقة وذلک باستخدام الأنظمة الذکية.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401AMBIENT VIBRATION TEST AND NUMERICAL MODELLING OF WIND TURBINE TOWERS INCLUDING SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTION4594748784710.21608/auej.2020.87847ENHebaKamalHousing and Building National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.GhadaSaudiHousing and Building National Research Center, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200508Due to The rapid expansion of energy and growing number of wind turbines construction in earthquake areas, a design method for simple and accurate evaluation of seismic load to ensure structural integrity is required. In Egypt, there are some appropriate places to build wind turbine towers lie in active seismically regions, so accurate analysis is necessary for prediction of seismic loads with consideration of intensity of the earthquake, soil and structural charateristics.In this research, seismic behavior of wind turbine towers Gamesa Type G52 in Zafarana Wind Farm Egypt is investigated using experimental work by ambient vibration test, and fully dynamic analysis based on time history from El Aqaba Earthquake 1995 using 3D by PLAXIS 3D software, including the soil structure interaction effect. The results obtained from dynamic analyses are discussed. From this study it is concluded that, the fully dynamic seismic analysis based on used PLAXIS 3D with the aid of the full scale ambient vibration test gives almost good simulation for the seismic loads that can be applied to wind turbine tower design in Egypt.<br /> <br /> نتيجة التوسعات إلى حدثت موخرا في الطاقة وخاصة طاقة الرياح , بناء توربينات الرياح ومزارع الرياح في المناطق النشطة زلزاليه مما نتج عنها ضرورة الاهتمام بتصميم هذا النوع من المنشات تحت تأثير الأحمال الزلازليه بطريقة مبسطة ودقيقة. فى مصر هناک مناطق مناسبة لإنشاء توربينات الرياح ومزارع الرياح في مناطق نشطة زلزاليا حيث يتطلب ذلک التصميم الدقيق للأحمال الزلزاليه مع لأخذ في الاعتبار شدة الزلازل, خواص التربة والخواص لإنشائية. فى هذا البحث نقوم بدراسة السلوک السيزمى لتوربينات الرياح ونوعها بلاکسس ثلاثي الأبعاد في منطقة الزعفرانة بمزرعة رياح الزعفرانة على ساحل البحر الأحمر بمصر و باستخدام التحليل الديناميکى الکلى عن طريق عمل اختبارات الاهتزاز غير المحيط. وکذلک التحليل العددي ثلاثي الإبعاد المعتمد على استخدام السجلات الزلزاليه لزلازال العقبة لسنة 1995 وباستخدام برنامج التحليل الجيوتقنى بلاکسس ثلاثي الأبعاد .والذي يشمل إدخال رد الفعل الديناميکي لخواض التربة تحت توربينات الرياح . ويتم بعد ذلک مقارنة نتائج النماذج العددية المستخدمة فى هذا البحث باختبارات حقلية تمت فى هذا البحث وهى اختبار الاهتزاز غير المحيط على توربينات الرياح بلاکسس ثلاثي الأبعاد بواسطة الفريق البحثى في هذه الدراسة بمزرعة الزعفرانة على ساحل البحر الأحمر بمصر. وقد أظهرت النتائج ان طريقة التحليل الديناميکى المستخدمة بمساعدة الاختبارات الحقلية وهى اختبار الاهتزاز غير المحيط تعطى نتائج جيده يمکن تطبيقها على تصميم توربينات الرياح المنشاة فى مناطق زلزاليه بمصر.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF PERMEABLE CAISSONS BREAKWATERS4444588785110.21608/auej.2020.87851ENMohamed IbrahimMohamedCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20200508<span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">This research shows a</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> numerical simulation study by</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">(</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">flow-3d</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">)</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> numerical model of a wave’s barrier, which is precast concrete caissons suspended on spaced piles of suspension and partly submerged in water. The results of the numerical model have been validated by comparing its results with previous laboratory results for the same barrier this research shows that there is a great agreement between the results of the current numerical model and the previous laboratory model. The current numerical model presented values of wave transmission factors lower than other experimental models presented by other authors for cases of convergent wave barriers from this study and the study showed a decrease Wave transmission factor (</span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">kt</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">) with increasing relative wave barrier width (B / h), where (h) water depth and (B) barrier width are also decreasing with increasing relative wave barrier count (D / </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">h) where (D) the barrier draft</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">. The efficiency of these barriers increases as the waves affecting them are relatively short. The effect of the sea floor slope increases on the efficiency of the proposed </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">breakwater. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">The transmission coefficient </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">(</span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">kt</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">) </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">decreases with inc</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">reasing </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">sea-floor slope</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">For short waves, the wave barrier is very effective in reducing the energy of the transverse wave, regardless of structural arrangements and sea floor conditions. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">The wave vortices and </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">velocities increase around the barrier as the wave period (T) decreases.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW165881966 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">يبين هذا البحث دراسة محاکاة عددية بواسطة النموذج العددي (</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">فلو ثري دي</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">) لحاجز أمواج عبارة عن </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">قيسونات</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> من الخرسانة سابقة الصب ومعلقة </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">علي</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> خوازيق متباعدة للتعليق والحاجز مغمور جزئيا في المياه وتم التحقق من صحة نتائج النموذج العددي عن طرق مقارنة نتائجه مع نتائج معملية سابقة لنفس الحاجز المقترح </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="color: #212121; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ويوضح هذا البحث وجود اتفاق کبير بين نتائج النموذج العددي الحالي والنموذج </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">المعملي</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">السابق ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> قدم النموذج العددي الحالي قيم معاملات انتقال</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> للأمواج</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> أقل من النماذج التجريبية الأخرى التي قدمها مؤلفون آخرون </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">لحالات حواجز أمواج متقاربة من هذه الدراسة وتبين من الدراسة </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">تناقص معامل انتقال الأمواج مع زيادة عرض حاجز الأمواج النسبي (بي</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> /</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">اتش) حيث </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">أن</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> (اتش) عمق المياه </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">و(بي</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">) عرض الحاجز وأيضاُ تناقصه مع زيادة غاطس حاجز الأمواج النسبي (دي/ اتش) حيت أن (دي) غاطس الحاجز. تزداد کفاءة تلک الحواجز کلما کانت الأمواج المؤثرة</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> عليها قصيرة </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">نسبيا .</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> يزداد تأثير منحدر قاع البحر على کفاءة حاجز الأمواج المقترحة. کلما زاد الانحدار قل معامل انتقال </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الأمواج وبالنسبة</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> للأمواج القصيرة يکون حاجز الأمواج فعالًا للغاية في تقليل طاقة الموجة </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">العارضة ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> بغض النظر عن الترتيبات الهيکلية وظروف قاع البحر تزداد الدوامات</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="color: #000000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">والسرعات الموجية حول الحاجز مع انخفاض الزمن الدوري للأمواج </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW68647346 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401L-SHAPED MECHANICAL COUPLER FOR RC CORNER JOINT4754888785510.21608/auej.2020.87855ENAhmed YaseenAl-TuhamiStructural Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams Universilty, Cairo, EgyptAhmedGhalabStructural Department, Faculty of Engineering, Ain-Shams Universilty, Cairo, EgyptSolimanAli-EldinMechanical Design Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia, EgyptAl-TuhamiAbuzeiStructural Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, El-Sharkia , Egypt.Journal Article20200508The main aim of this research is to design and manufacture L-shaped mechanical couplers to connect two perpendicular reinforcing bars in knee joint instead of cold-bending bars at the corner of this joint. Each branch of the two L-shape coupler branches equipped with threaded holes coincide with the prepared threading of the enlarged reinforcing bar end. Therefore, the reinforcing bars that were coupled by the L-shaped mechanical couplers were used in reinforcing the closing corner joint.<br /> <br /> نتيجة لثني أسياخ صلب التسليح علي البارد تتغير الخواص الميکانيکية لتلک الأسياخ وتشيخ تلک المنطقة ويتغير سلوکها من الممطولية إلي القصفه مما يؤثر سلبا عند استخدامها کتسليح في العناصر الخرسانية المسلحة. الهدف الرئيسي من هذا البحث هو تصميم وتصنيع واختبار وصلة ميکانيکية علي شکل حرف(ل) لربط الأسياخ المتعامدة في وصلات العمود بالکمرة بالمنشآت الخرسانية المسلحة وذلک کبديلا لثني أسياخ صلب التسليح علي البارد. وصلة صلب التسليح المقترحة تم ثقبها وقلوظتها کما تم عمل قلوظة مماثلة في نهايات الأسياخ التي تم ربطها بالوصلة. تم اختبار نوعين من الوصلات لأسياخ زادت أقطار نهاياتها ثم قلوظتها وأسياخ تمت قلوظتها بدون زيادة أقطار نهاياتها. أظهرت النتائج أهمية زيادة أقطار نهايات الأسياخ قبل قلوظتها وربطها بالوصلة حتي لا يحدث کسر للأسياخ داخل الوصلة بحمل أقل من الحمل الأقصى لأسياخ التسليح.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401ELASTIC BUCKLING AND ULTIMATE LOAD OF PORTAL FRAMES4894998785610.21608/auej.2020.87856ENFarahEl DibInstitute of Metallic Construction, Building Research Center, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200508Existing portal frames were often built for industry using an extensive amount of material. The buckling and the ultimate loads are thus crucial values often determined assuming concentrated loads on top of the columns. Usually, the frames carry distributed loads that always create primary moments, in addition to compressive forces transferred from the supports to the beams, which may reduce the buckling load. This paper investigates the accurate buckling and the ultimate load behavior of portal frames.<br /> The analysis uses different loading patterns in addition to different methods of analysis, and also takes into consideration big deformations. The investigations use both analytical, 2-D and a 3-D Finite Element Analysis (FEA) to ensure the validity and accuracy of the results. An approximate method in addition to the accurate numerical method is given. The limitations, accuracy, and validity of the proposed method are found, and design precautions and recommendations are also given.<br /> <br /> إطارات البوابات القائمة في المصانع تم بناؤها غالبا باستخدامات واسعة للمواد. لذا فإن الانبعاج والحمل الأقصى يعتبران قيمتان حاسمتان فيما يتم تحديدهما بافتراض أحمال مرکزة على قمم الأعمدة باستخدام البيان الخطي. وتحمل الأعمدة عادة أحمال موزعة تتسبب دائما في تکوين عزوم رئيسية إلى جانب قوى ضغط في الکمرات منقولة من رکائز الأعمدة قد تکون سببا رئيسيا لحدوث الانبعاج. ويهدف البحث لدراسة السلوک الدقيق للإطارات تحت حمل الانبعاج والحمل الأقصى. وتستخدم الدراسة طرق تحليلية عدة وأنماط التحميل المختلفة کما يأخذ التشوهات الجسيمة في الاعتبار. ويستخدم البحث العناصر المحدودة ذات البعدين وذات الثلاثة أبعاد لتحري ولتأکيد الدقة. ويقدم البحث الحدود ومقادير الدقة وصحة ومجال الاستخدام للمقترحات، إضافة إلى بيان الاحتياطات والتوصيات.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401STRENGTHENING OF SHEAR AND MOMENTS IN CONTINUOUS BEAMS5005128785810.21608/auej.2020.87858ENFarahEl DibInstitute of Metallic Construction, Building Research Center, Giza, Egypt.Journal Article20200508Existing structures are subjected to increasing loads. They were often designed using Allowable Stress Design method (ASD). In old industrial buildings, beam dimensions were selected compact by using either rolled steel sections, or built up profiles. A direct design method is presented to strengthen such continuous beam panels above their plastic limit at different locations. Shear yield strain is crucial in the analysis, which is considered by using a numerical solution, and then simplified formulae are presented. The strengthening is based on attaching steel plates at the suitable locations. The position of each plate and its reasonable extension is determined. Material consumption and welding energy are kept as low as possible. Results are compared with previous tests and numerical values. Excessive strengthening is avoided. The proposed method could be applied on beams with other dimensions and/or conditions. The required precautions and restrictions are given.<br /> <br /> تم تقديم طريقة تحليلية مباشرة ومدعومة بحسابات عددية لتقوية الکمرات المستمرة فوق قدرتها القصوى. ومن أهم تلک الحالات هي تلک الکمرات التي تعاني السيولة في مواضع عدة عند الحمل الأقصى وبالأخص ذات العصب الضعيف الذي لا تصل مقاومته للقص ذلک المقدار الذي تتطلبه العزوم القصوى. إن البحث تأسس على استخدام الحد الأدنى من الألواح المجمعة وإلحاقها بأماکن سبق تحديدها بطرق مبسطة مع حساب الحد الأدنى لانتشارها وفرا للمواد والطاقة. وقد تم التحقق من صلاحية طريقة المقاربة بالمقارنة مع الأبحاث السابقة ومع الحسابات العددية. ويقدم البحث للمصمم طريقة مباشرة لتحديد کمية التقوية المطلوبة للوصول لمستوى التقوية المطلوب وتحاشى البحث التقوية المفرطة. ويمکن تطبيق الطريقة على کمرات مختلفة الأبعاد والشروط مع تقديم الاحتياطات الواجب اتخاذها.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401VERIFICATION OF A THREE DIMENSIONAL NUMERICAL MODEL FOR A MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALL5135268786210.21608/auej.2020.87862ENAbdelwahabTahsinArab Consulting Engineers Office, Dokki, , Giza, EgyptRamiEl-SherbinyGeotechnical and Foundations Engineering, Department of Public Works,
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptAbdelsalamSalemGeotechnical and Foundations Engineering, Department of Public Works,
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, EgyptJournal Article20200508<span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">In comparison to traditional </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">retaining wall systems</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">, </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">(MSEW) </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">provide advantages of cost savings, relatively easy and fast construction, and good performance </span><span class="NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2 SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">with</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2 SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">regard to</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> differential settlements.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">Behavior of MSEW </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">is complicated due to the mechanical complexity of the component materials, interactions, </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">and</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> unquantifiable effects of construction method</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">. C</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">urrent design standards are based primarily on understanding of two-dimensional plane-st</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">r</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">ain behavior regardless of the 3D behavior and associated </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">mechanisms. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">The objective of this research is to </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">develop and verify a 3D numerical model that can be later adopted for studying the 3D behaviour of MSEWs of different geometries using</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">PLAXIS </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">3D</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">. The numerical </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">model</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">was </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">verified against </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">the monitoring records of Wall 1 </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">reported</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> by </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">Hatami</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> & Bathurst (2005</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">) at the </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">Royal Military College of Canada</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">T</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">he model </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">verification shows that t</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">he modeling technique used in </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">Plaxis</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> 3D is capable of capturing qualitative trends of the instrumented MSEW response, and in most cases quantitative values are in agreement </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">with </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">the monitoring records and predictions</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> by </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">Hatami</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> and Bathurst (2005, 2006). </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">Hardening </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">Soil (HS) constitutive model </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">would better simulate the stress- strai</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">n relationship for sand derived/ calibrated </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">from tri-axial</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> test. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">The linear Elasto-Plastic anisotropic geogrid model </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">with </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">secant modulus at 1.5% strain is </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">found </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">appropriate</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">. </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">Plate element</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">s</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">used to model the facing are found </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">suitable to simulate </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">discrete facing blocks, as </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">an </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">alternative to solid elements </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">to reduce </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">complexity of the model</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> and computation time</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW12929861 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Malgun Gothic, Malgun Gothic_EmbeddedFont, Malgun Gothic_MSFontService, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">أصبح استخدام نظام الحوائط السانده من التربه المسلحه با</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Malgun Gothic, Malgun Gothic_EmbeddedFont, Malgun Gothic_MSFontService, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">لبوليمرات</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Malgun Gothic, Malgun Gothic_EmbeddedFont, Malgun Gothic_MSFontService, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> واسع الانتشار نظرا لفوائده الاقتصاديه بالضافه الي سهوله وسرعه التنفيذ. تعتبر اساليب التحليل العددي ثلاثي الابعاد وسيله فعاله لدراسه السلوک المعقد لتلک الحوائط والتمثيل الدقيق للتأثير التفاعلي بين مکونات نظام الحائط من تربه وشبک تسليح وبلوکات وجه الحائط وبالتالي تم تصميم نموذج تحليل عددي ثلاثي الابعاد باستخدام طريقة العناصر المحدودة عن طريق برنامج متخصص في التحليل الجيوتقني (بلاکسيس) لتمثيل سلوک تلک الحوائط مع استخدام نموذج محاکاه غير خطي لتمثيل التاثير التفاعلي بين التربه والحائط.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Malgun Gothic, Malgun Gothic_EmbeddedFont, Malgun Gothic_MSFontService, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">وقد تم عمل تحقيق لنموذج التحليل ثلاثي الابعاد بالرجوع الي قياسات الرصد الحقلي الخاصه بحائط الکليه الملکيه الکنديه تم رصده عن طريق هاتامي وباثرست عام |(2005و2006) .</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Malgun Gothic, Malgun Gothic_EmbeddedFont, Malgun Gothic_MSFontService, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">وتبين حدوث توافق بدرجه مقبوله بين نتائج الرصد الحقلي وبين ما تم حسابه بنموذج المحاکاه</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract">.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="Abstract"> </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW158866090 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF ANCHORED SHEET PILE WALLS5946038786410.21608/auej.2020.87864ENMoamen EAbd El RaoufCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al- Azhar University, Qena, Egypt.0000-0002-6794-5952Journal Article20200508Anchored sheet pile walls are used to restrain excavation when the depth of the excavation exceeds about 6 m. In this paper, the influence of some parameters on anchored sheet pile walls was studied. The parameters are: anchor inclination with the horizontal ground, the number of anchors (one -row, or more), the cohesion of soil, and angle of internal friction of the backfill soil. The previous parameters affect soil behavior, wall bending moments, and wall displacement. Numerical analysis of the anchored sheet pile walls was implemented using a finite element program GEO5. The results of the analysis indicated that the optimum angle of anchor inclination is 25 degrees to reduce the horizontal displacement at the top of the wall and maximum bending moment. Variation of the angle of internal friction has a significant effect on the wall. As the friction angle increases, the maximum displacement and the internal forces decrease. As the cohesion of soil increases, the maximum bending moment, shear force, and wall displacement decreases. Increasing the number of anchors decreases the maximum bending moment, wall displacement, and increases the maximum shear force<br /> <br /> تستخدم الحوائط الستائرية المربوطة لسند جوانب الحفر عندما يزيد عمق الحفر عن ما يقارب 6 متر. وفى هذا البحث تم دراسة بعض العوامل المؤثرة على الحائط الستائرى والتي تشمل : زاوية ميل المربط , عدد صفوف المرابط, زاوية الاحتکاک لتربة الردم ,تماسک التربة. حيث تؤثر هذه العوامل على عزوم الإنحناء وقوى القص المتولدة في الحائط وکذلک الإزاحة أفقية للحائط . وتمت هذه الدراسة باستخدام برنامج متخصص فى حل المسائل الجيوتقنية والذي يعتمد على نظرية العناصر المحدودة . وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن زاوية ميل المربط المثلى هى 25 درجة وذلک لتقليل العزوم وقوى القص فى الحائط والإزاحة الأفقية . کما أن زاوية احتکاک تربة الردم لها تأثير کبير على الحائط حيث أنه کلما زادت زاوية الاحتکاک الداخلي وقوة التماسک للتربة کلما قل العزم الأقصى وقوة القص القصوى والإزاحة الأفقية القصوى. بالنسبة لعدد صفوف المرابط فقد وجد أن استخدام أکثر من صف يقلل عزم الانحناء وأقصى إزاحة أفقية ولکنه يزيد من قوة القص المؤثرة على الحائط.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401EFFICIENCY OF CONCRETE DIAGRID COMPARED TO CONCRETE FRAMED TUBE AS LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM6146308786710.21608/auej.2020.87867ENMohamed AbdelazimElewaCivil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20200508One of the most recent innovations of high-rise tabular structural system is diagrid structure. Diagrid structural system has been widely applied to high-rise buildings at the last two decades. Diagrid system is predominating other types of tabular structural systems because of its structural efficiency and aesthetic potential. To examine the efficiency of diagrid system as lateral load resisting system, a comparative study on the behavior of diagrid system with framed tube system, has been conducted under earthquake action. Three-dimensional finite element models for a reinforced concrete diagrid building and a concrete framed tube building of 36 stories with similar plan configuration and characteristics were performed. The only variation between the two systems is the exterior lateral load resisting scheme. Dynamic response spectrum analysis was utilized to investigate the dynamic behavior for both diagrid and the framed tube system. Findings which include modal results, lateral story displacements, story drifts, story shears and story moments were presented and discussed. The results revealed that diagrid system is more effective as lateral load resisting structure than the framed tube system with a reduction of 21 % of the consumed materials<br /> <br /> يعتبر نظام الشبکة القطرية الإنشائي أحد أحدث الأنظمة الإنشائية للمباني العالية وأکثرها أنشارا. يمتاز نظام الشبکة القطرية عن باقي الأنظمة الأنبوبية المشهورة کفائتة الإنشائية للأحمال الجانبية الناتجة من الزلازل أو أحمال الرياح وأيضا بشکله المعماري المتميز. لاختبار کفاءة نظام الشبکة القطرية في تحمل الأحمال الجانية تم عمل دراسة مقارنة بين هذا النظام ونظام الإطار الأنبوبي. تم عمل نمذجة ثلاثية الأبعاد للنظامين بأبعاد متماثلة وبارتفاع 36 دور لکلا النظامين وتم التأثير بحمل ديناميکي (زلزالي). أوضحت النتائج أن نظام الشبکة القطرية أن کفاءته أعلي لمقاومة الحمل الزلزالي من مقاومة نظام الإطار الأنبوبي.Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401EFFECT OF STRAIN RATE OF LOADING ON TENSILE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF POLYESTER GEOGRIDS5735838787410.21608/auej.2020.87874ENAbdelwahabTahsinArab Consulting Engineers Office, Dokki, , Giza, EgyptRamiEl-SherbinyGeotechnical and Foundations Engineering, Department of Public Works, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.AbdelsalamSalemGeotechnical and Foundations Engineering, Department of Public Works, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.Journal Article20200508Geosynthetics are being widely used as a cost-effective soil reinforcement solution. The use of geogrids to improve soil mechanical behavior has become increasingly common practice in geotechnical engineering applications, as it has unique advantages over other soil improvement techniques due to technical, economical, constructability and sustainability aspects. Mechanical properties of geogrids are of great importance in designing with geogrids. This papers discusses the effect of strain rate of loading on the tensile strength pf polyester (PET) geogrids. This paper presents the results and analysis of laboratory constant strain rate (CSR) tests conducted on polyester (PET) geogrids at strain rates varying from 0.10% to 20% strain per minute. Assessment of variation of geogrid stiffness with time (creep effect) and calibration factor between global to local strains were derived. A proper material characterization of geogrid is essential for numerical finite element modeling. The modeled behavior of reinforced structures is sensitive to the geogrid stiffness rather than the geogrid strength. The higher CSR results in increase of the measured strength and secant modulus. The larger ultimate strength, the higher anticipated secant modulus. The calibration factor CF between global to local strains ranged from 2.08 to 1.99 was measured for the tested polyester geogrid specimens at a stain of 2%. This CF estimation for strain of 2% is in agreement with comparable PET geogrid CF of 2.2, which was introduced by Allen et al. (2002).Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401VOLTAGE STABILITY OF ELECTRICAL POWER NETWORKS WITH HIGH PENETRATION LEVEL OF WIND GENERATION5385458787710.21608/auej.2020.87877ENSalwa MEl-SamanoudyEgyptian Electricity Holding Company , Cairo, EgyptEl-SaidOsmanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, faculty of Engineering, Al Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptMohamed IEl-SaidDepartment of Electrical Engineering, faculty of Engineering, Al Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptMohamed KEl-ShaerDepartment of Electrical Engineering, faculty of Engineering, Al Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptJournal Article20200508<span class="TextRun SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="normal">Voltage instability is considered as one of the main threats to secure operation of power system networks around the world. Nowadays, Integration of large-scale wind power may have severe impacts on the power system operation. Stable, reliable and economic operation of the power system under the massive integration of wind power is a big challenge to power system operators. This paper scrutinizes to study the voltage stability problems for the integration of wind power to the IEEE-39 bus-systems. </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="EOP SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="normal">The main objective of this study is to analyze the voltage stability of the IEEE-39 bus networks with large-scale wind power under normal operation using PV and QV analyses. As one of the classic static Voltage stability assessment (VSA) method, the P-V curve is widely used in identifying the weak buses in one power system. Normally, there is a required range of bus voltage variation that restricts load with fixed power factor within a maximum value. The loading margin can be defined as the distance between the operating point and the maximum load. These steady-state methods, which inherently require less computational capability, can indicate the level of stability of a power system. Therefore, QV curves analysis tools are used in this paper.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="EOP SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="normal">The importance of accurate representation of the reactive power capabilities of wind generators in voltage stability studies was emphasized in the analyses. These analyses define the amount of reactive power required to enhance voltage stability and hence can be improved by adding suitable reactive power compensator. Here STATCOM is used as a reactive power compensator. Simulation of the 39 bus-IEEE </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="normal">network</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;" data-ccp-parastyle="normal"> with integrated wind generators are developed using PSS/E software.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW111719198 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">يعد أتزان الجهد واحدة من أهم المتحديات لأنظمة الطاقة حول </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">العالم.يعتبر</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> التوسع في ربط محطات الرياح له تأثير بالغ </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">علي</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> أنظمة الطاقة. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">فطتحديات</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> أنظمة الطاقة تتمثل في الثبات والاعتمادية والتشغيل الاقتصادي للشبکة الکهربائية. وهذا البحث العلمي قائم </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">علي</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> دراسة استقرار الجهد لأنظمة الطاقة مع وجود العديد من مشاريع الرياح المرتبطة بالشبکة الکهربائية. وقد تم اختيار شبکة مکونة من ٣٩ بارة لتمثل حالة الدراسة.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> ومن أهم أهداف هذه الدراسة هو دراسة وتحليل وضع الجهد الکهربائي للشبکة المشار إليها مع وجود العديد من محطات طاقة الرياح بنسب انتشار مختلفة وذلک في وضع التشغيل العادي باستخدام برنامج </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">تحليلى</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> الجهد والقدرة الفعالة وتحليل الجهد والقدرة الغير فعالة وذلک باستخدام برنامج محاکاة نظام الطاقة للهندسة. ويعد تحليل الجهد والقدرة الفعالة أحد العوامل لتقييم وضع الجهد الکهربائي للشبکة بين وضع التشغيل العادي وأقصي تحميل ممکن للشبکة حيث </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">أن</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> للجهد الکهربي سماحية يتغير في حدودها مع الحفاظ </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">علي</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> استقرار الشبکة. أما تحليل الجهد والقدرة غير </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الفعالة فهو</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> مقياس لقدرة البارات الغير فعالة وتأثيرها المباشر </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">علي</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> الجهد الکهربائي وبيان نقاط الضعف في الشبکة حيث عدم توافر ما يکفي من القدرة غير الفعالة وما يترتب عليه من إمکانية إضافة محسنات جهد لتلک النقاط کما هو موضح في هذه الدراسة.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW164452769 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401ORBIT CONTROL USING ELECTRIC PROPULSION SYSTEMS FOR EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITE SWARM5605728787910.21608/auej.2020.87879ENTarekMahmoudElectrical Eng. Department Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptSaedOthmanElectrical Eng. Department Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, EgyptAFarragDivision Egyptian Space Agency, Cairo, ,EgyptAhmed YELRaffieyDivision Egyptian Space Agency, Cairo, ,EgyptJournal Article20200508<span class="TextRun SCXW267519904 BCX2" style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 18px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW267519904 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">The new trend in a remote sensing application is to replace the traditional single satellite with a set of low-cost, simple and short development time satellites. Satellite swarm consists of twelve CubeSats work as imaging nodes accompanied by a data-relay-satellite was proposed to fulfill Earth observation mission. In order to achieve the required mission performance, it is necessary to maintain the virtual structure of the satellite swarm over the mission lifetime. The external disturbances (e.g. Earth oblateness, atmospheric drag, and solar radiation pressure, etc.) cause a drift to the orbits of satellite warm; therefore, this disturbance can change the virtual topology of the satellite swarm. In order to keep the virtual topology of the satellite swarm, and to fulfill the mission requirements, it is required to maintain the orbits of all satellite swarm members all over its lifetime. Many researchers studied autonomous orbit control algorithms, such as PD, LQR, and sliding mode. In order to select the best algorithm for satellite swarm mission, this paper makes a comparison between the commonly used orbit control algorithms based on </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW267519904 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Matlab</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW267519904 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> simulation, the required control thrust is generated using electric propulsion system, The parameters of control performance such as; the settling time, the steady-state error, the required control effort, and the execution time are used as compression factors to select the suitable orbital control algorithm for the proposed satellite swarm.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW267519904 BCX2" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 18px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: MS Mincho, MS Mincho_EmbeddedFont, MS Mincho_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 20.5042px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الاتجاه الجديد في تطبيق الاستشعار عن بعد هو استبدال القمر الصناعي التقليدي بمجموعة من الأقمار الصناعية ذات التکلفة </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: MS Mincho, MS Mincho_EmbeddedFont, MS Mincho_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 20.5042px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">المنخفضة والبسيطة وقصيرة التطوير. يتکون سرب الأقمار الصناعية من اثني عشر العمل کما اقترح عقد التصوير مصحوبة </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: MS Mincho, MS Mincho_EmbeddedFont, MS Mincho_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 20.5042px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">بترحيل البيانات الفضائية لتنفيذ مهمة مراقبة الأرض. من أجل تحقيق الأداء المطلوب </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">للمهمة ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> من الضروري الحفاظ على البنية الافتراضية لسرب الأقمار الصناعية على مدى عمر المهمة. تسبب الاضطرابات الخارجية (مثل نفاذية </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الأرض ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> والسحب في الغلاف </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الجوي ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> وضغط الإشعاع </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الشمسي ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> وما إلى ذلک) انجرافًا إلى مدارات حرارة القمر </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الصناعي ؛</span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">لذلک ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> يمکن لهذا الاضطراب تغيير الهيکل الظاهري لسرب الأقمار الصناعية. من أجل الحفاظ على الهيکل الظاهري لسرب الأقمار </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الصناعية ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> ولتلبية متطلبات </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">المهمة ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> يجب الحفاظ على مدارات جميع أعضاء سرب الأقمار الصناعية طوال فترة حياتها. درس العديد من الباحثين خوارزميات </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: MS Mincho, MS Mincho_EmbeddedFont, MS Mincho_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 20.5042px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">التحکم في المدار </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">المستقلة ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> مثل التفاضلي </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">التناظرى</span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">و الخطي</span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الثنائى</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: MS Mincho, MS Mincho_EmbeddedFont, MS Mincho_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 20.5042px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> ، ووضع الانزلاق. من أجل اختيار أفضل خوارزمية لمهمة سرب الأقمار </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الصناعية ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> تجري هذه الورقة مقارنة بين خوارزميات التحکم في المدار المستخدمة بشکل شائع بناءً على محاکاة </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ماتلاب</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> ، يتم إنشاء قوة التحکم المطلوبة باستخدام نظام الدفع </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الکهربائي ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> معلمات أداء التحکم </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">مثل ؛</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> يتم استخدام وقت الاستقرار وخطأ الحالة المستقرة وجهد التحکم المطلوب ووقت التنفيذ کعوامل ضغط لتحديد خوارزمية التحکم المداري المناسبة لسرب الأقمار الصناعية المقترح.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW48453125 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 20.5042px; font-family: MS Mincho, MS Mincho_EmbeddedFont, MS Mincho_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401ENHANCEMENT OF HIGH-VOLTAGE RIDE-THROUGH OF A GRID-CONNECTED SWITCHED RELUCTANCE GENERATOR (SRG) WIND TURBINE USING A DYNAMIC VOLTAGE RESTORER BASED ON FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER5465598788210.21608/auej.2020.87882ENMBahyElectrical Power and Machines Dep, The Higher Institute of Engineering at El-Shorouk City, Cairo, EgyptM AMorsy ShanabElectrical Power and Machines Dep, The Higher Institute of Engineering at El-Shorouk City, Cairo, EgyptAdel SNadaElectrical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, AL-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.M HElbannaElectrical Engineering Dep, Faculty of Engineering, AL-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.Journal Article20200508<span class="TextRun SCXW66805639 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW66805639 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">This paper proposes a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) of Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) to enhance the capability of High voltage Ride-Through (HVRT) for a wind turbine based on a Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG). Voltage Swell on the grid side may cause the wind turbine to be disconnected from the grid. Two FLCs are used to regulate the IGBT pulses of the voltage source inverter (VSI) driving DVR by adjusting the D-Q axes voltage signals. To validate the effectiveness of the DVR based FLC, three test scenarios are investigated includes (balanced swell, unbalanced swell, and total harmonics distortion).The enhancement of the system performance is achieved through improving the voltage, the current as well as the power waveforms for the wind turbine and fulfill the grid codes without disconnecting the turbine from the grid. The proposed system is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW66805639 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">يقدم هذا البحث وحدة تحکم منطقي </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">مبهم</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> لمرمم</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> الجهد الديناميکي </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ل</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">تعزيز قدرة رکوب الجهد العالي لتوربينات الرياح على أساس مولد المعاوقة </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ذو</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> الفصل والتوصيل. قد يؤدي تضخم الجهد على جانب الشبکة إلى فصل توربينات الرياح عن ا</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">لشبکة. يتم استخدام اثنين من وحدات</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ال</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">تحکم</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> ال</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">منطقي </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">المبهمة</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">لتنظيم نبضات</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> لعاکس مصدر </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الجهد الذي</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> يقود مرمم الجهد الدينام</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">يکي عن طريق ضبط إشارات الجهد</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">. للتحقق من فعالية</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">مرمم الجهد الديناميکي المستندة إلى</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ال</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">تحکم </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ال</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">منطقي </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">المبهم</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> يتم فحص ثلاثة سيناريوهات اختبار (تضخم </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الجهد المتوازن</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> ، تضخم الجهد غير </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">المتوازن ،</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> وتشويه التوافقيات الکلي. يتم تحسين أداء النظام من خلال تحسين أشکال</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> موجات</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> الجهد </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">و</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> التيار</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> وکذلک القدرة لتوربينات الرياح والوفاء </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">برموزالشبکة</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> دون فصل التوربينات عنها. تم تصميم النظام المقترح باستخدام </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">متلاب</span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">سيمولينک</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW265444580 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A DIESEL ENGINE OPERATED BY BIODIESEL BLENDS PREPARED FROM WASTE COOKING OIL5845938788710.21608/auej.2020.87887ENBishoyGabrahDepartment of Mechanical Engineering- Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Cairo. Egypt.Moustafa FathyAbdelkhalekDepartment of Mechanical Engineering- Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Cairo. Egypt.Mahmoud MohamedKamalDepartment of Mechanical Engineering- Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Cairo. Egypt.MohamedAbdelhayDepartment of Mechanical Engineering- Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Cairo. Egypt.Adham MohamedAbdelkaderDepartment of Mechanical Engineering- Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University. Cairo. Egypt.Journal Article20200509<span class="TextRun SCXW245971770 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW245971770 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">The Biodiesel was prepared from waste vegetable cooking oil that was collected from potato chips factory. It was prepared at the laboratories of faculty of Science Ain Shams University by transesterification method. The oil was filtered and heated, then methanol was added in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. Several blends of biodiesel and mineral diesel were produced to be used in this study: B0, B10, B20 and B30 respectively. These blends were used to operate a single cylinder air cooled diesel engine of model: Deutz (F1L511) to analyze its performance and emissions. The thermal efficiency was improved when the blend B20 was used. The exhaust gases temperature increased by increasing the blending ratio. The carbon monoxide (CO) emission was decreased by increasing the blending ratio. The nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions were increased by using biodiesel blends. The best performance of the engine was obtained by using the blend B20. </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW245971770 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الوقود الحيوي تم إعداده من زيت الطعام المستخدم الذي تم تجميعه من مصنع</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">بطاطس </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الشيبسي</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">, تم إعداده في معامل</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> کلية العلوم- جامعة عين شمس بطريقة </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الاسترة</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">. تم تصفية الزيت وتسخينه، ثم تم إضافة کحول الميثانول في وجود هيدروکسيد البوتاسيوم کعامل </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">حفاز</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">. تم إنتاج عدة </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">خلائط</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> من الوقود الحيوي ووقود الديزل ليتم استخدامهم في هذه الدراسة:</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> 0%</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">، </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">10%</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">، </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">20%</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> و </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">30%</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> على الترتيب. هذه </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">الخلائط</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> استخدمت لتشغيل محرک ديزل ذو اسطوانة واحدة وتبريد بالهواء</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> مارکة </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">دويتز</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">(اف1ال511)</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> لتحليل أداءه وتحليل انبعاث العادم. الکفاءة الحرارية تحسنت باستخدام الخليط </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">20%</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-EG" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">. درجة حرارة غازات العادم ارتفعت بزيادة نسبة الوقود الحيوي في الخليط. انبعاث أول أکسيد الکربون انخفض بزيادة نسبة الوقود الحيوي في الخليط. </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">إنبعاثات</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> أکاسيد النيتروجين ارتفعت باستخدام </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">خلائط</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> الوقود الحيوي. أفضل أداء للمحرک تم الوصول إليه باستخدام الخليط </span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">20%</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-GB" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">.</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="color: #ff0000; font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="none"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> </span></span><span class="EOP SCXW109519039 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401TOWARDS OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF THE GROUND SURFACES BLOW THE BRIDGES6987138789210.21608/auej.2020.87892ENEmad OsmanMoustafaUrban Planning Department, Faculty of Engineering, Al-Azhar University, EgyptJournal Article20200509<span class="TextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Although overhead bridges mainly work to achieve horizontal contact between separate areas as a result of crossing waterways or </span><span class="NormalTextRun ContextualSpellingAndGrammarErrorV2 SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">railways, or</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> used to facilitate traffic. However, it causes the emergence of some urban problems in the areas that transit through it by turning the surfaces below those bridges into dark and deserted areas where waste accumulates and garbage is dumped and even at night it becomes a shelter for criminals.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Hence, the aim of the research is not the purely urban exploitation of those spaces, but the broader goal of the study is to achieve a set of integrated goals related to the various social, economic and environmental sectors resulting from urban development processes.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">Where the social goals are to create urban spaces that accommodate the social activities of the population, which are difficult to provide in urban gatherings adjacent to these sites due to the lack of available space surfaces.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">As for the economic goals, they are to provide commercial activities and small and micro projects. Which provide the necessary services for pedestrians in transit or for residents residing on either side of those sites that will become these foci Active attraction to them.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="EN-US" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">As for the environmental goals, it is to transform those sites, to areas controlled by green and open spaces, which help with other sites grown in the same way in providing a connected network of public spaces that serve as an outlet for the residents and lung of the surrounding urban areas characterized by overcrowding, urban concentration and traffic congestion.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW224598144 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">على الرغم من</span></span><span class="TextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">أن الکباري العلوية تعمل بشکل أساسي على تحقيق الاتصالية بشکل أفقي بين المناطق المنفصلة نتيجة عبور المجاري المائية أو خطوط السکک الحديدية أو تستخدم في تسهيل الحرکة المرورية. إلا أنها تتسبب في ظهور بعض المشکلات العمرانية في المناطق العابرة لها من خلال تحول المسطحات أسفل تلک الکباري إلى مناطق مظلمة ومهجورة تتراکم فيها المخلفات وتلقى فيها القمامة بل وتتحول ليلاً إلى مأوى للمجرمين.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">ومن ثم ليس الهدف من البحث هو الاستغلال العمراني الصرف لتلک الفضاءات، لکن تحقيق مجموعة من الأهداف المتکاملة المتعلقة بالقطاعات المختلفة الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والبيئية المترتبة على عمليات التطوير العمراني.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">حيث تتمثل الأهداف الاجتماعية في خلق فراغات عمرانية تعمل على استيعاب الأنشطة الاجتماعية للسکان والتي من الصعب توفيرها في التجمعات العمرانية المتاخمة لتلک المواقع نظراً لقلة المسطحات الفضاء المتاحة.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">أما الأهداف الاقتصادية فتتمثل في توفير الأنشطة التجارية والمشروعات الصغيرة التي تعمل على توفير الخدمات اللازمة للمشاة العابرين أو للسکان المقيمين على جانبي تلک المواقع والتي ستصبح هذه البؤر النشطة نقطة اجتذاب لهم.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> </span><br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <span class="TextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif; line-height: 19px;" lang="AR-SA" data-contrast="auto"><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">أما الأهداف البيئة فتتمثل في تحويل تلک المواقع إلى مناطق تسيطر عليها المسطحات الخضراء والمفتوحة، والتي تساعد مع غيرها من المواقع </span><span class="NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2 SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;">المنماة</span><span class="NormalTextRun SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="background-color: inherit;"> بنفس الطريقة أسفل الکباري في توفير شبکة متصلة من الفراغات العامة التي تعمل کمتنفس للسکان ورئة للمناطق العمرانية المحيطة التي تتسم بالتکدس السکاني والترکز العمراني والازدحام المروري.</span></span><span class="EOP SCXW186596357 BCX2" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 19px; font-family: Times New Roman, Times New Roman_EmbeddedFont, Times New Roman_MSFontService, serif;" data-ccp-props="{"> <br /></span><br /> <br /> Al-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401ECO CITY AND ITS ROLE IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT. CASE STUDY ALEXANDRIA GOVERNORATE6856978789610.21608/auej.2020.87896ENShabanAbu KhtwahAL-Azhar University,Faculty of Engeneering,Urban Planning Departement,Cairo, Egyp0009-0004-0243-1434Gamal GomaaHelewaAL-Azhar University,Faculty of Engeneering,Urban Planning Departement,Cairo, EgypJournal Article20200509As The vision of the economic axis and the sustainable development strategy of Egypt 2030 is that the Egyptian economy is a disciplined market economy characterized by stable macroeconomic conditions and able to achieve sustainable and sustainable growth that meets local demand and an effective player in the global economy.<br /> There is no doubt that the industry is one of the fastest ways of development as it works to raise the national income. In Egypt, industry occupies the same importance as agriculture, which contributes about 28% of the national income. Egypt ranked second after the Republic of South Africa in terms of industrial development in the continent Africa, However, most Arab countries, especially Egypt, find that the industry is facing difficult and difficult challenges. The most important of these is the inability to keep abreast of developments in the field of environmentally friendly industrial technology. It is well known that most of the Egyptian cities, On the urban environment and where the industry and the resulting pollutants play a major role in harming the environment with its various elements, which negatively affects the population and reduce the productivity of these activities, and this is one of the challenges of industrial development because of the negative repercussions on the Efforts directed attention to the development of industrial activities of various kinds, and this is what makes us think about and quickly switch to the green industry as one of the key solutions and ideal for it.<br /> <br /> إنبثاقا من رؤية المحور الإقتصادي واستراتيجية التنمية المستدامة لمصر 2030 والتي تتمثل في (ان يکون الاقتصاد المصري اقتصاد سوق منضبط يتميز باستقرار اوضاع الاقتصاد الکلي وقادر على تحقيق نمو احتوائي مستدام يلبي الطلب المحلي ولاعبا فعالاً في الاقتصاد العالمي). ومما لا شک فيه أن الصناعة هي من اسرع طرق التنمية اذ تعمل علي رفع الدخل القومي وفي مصر تحتل الصناعة نفس اهمية الزراعة حيث تساهم بحوالي (28% ) من الدخل القومي, وقد احتلت مصر المرکز الثاني بعد جمهورية جنوب افريقيا من حيث التطور الصناعي في القارة الافريقية, ورغم ذلک نجد فى معظم الدول العربية وخاصة مصر ان الصناعة تتعرض لتحديات مصيرية صعبة من أهمها عدم القدرة الکافية على مواکبةمدينة الاسکندرية تحتضن کثير من الأنشطة الصناعية التى تلقى بظلالها الضارة على محيطها العمرانى وحيث أن الصناعة وما يصدر عنها من ملوثات تلعب دورا رئيسيا فى الإضرار بالبيئة بعناصرها المختلفة مما يؤثر بالسلب على السکان وتقليص إنتاجية هذه الأنشطة وکل ذلک يشکل أحد تحديات التنمية الصناعية لما لها من انعکاسات سلبية على کل المجهودات الموجهة الى الاهتمام بتنمية الأنشطة الصناعية بمختلف أنواعها وهذا ما يجعلنا نفکر وبسرعة نحو التحول الى الصناعةAl-Azhar University; Faculty of EngineeringJournal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector1687-8418155520200401CACHE MEMORY LOACLITY OPTIMIZATION FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF COMPUTER VISION AND IMAGE PROCESSING ALGORITHMS6046138789910.21608/auej.2020.87899ENAAl-MarakebySystems and Computers Engineering Dept. , Faculty of Engineering , Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.0000-0002-8727-6506Journal Article20200509One of the main problems in developing fast image processing and computer vision systems is the memory speed. Memory speed represents the performance bottleneck due to the large gap between processor and memory speeds. Cache memory is very fast, but it is small to store all required data and instructions. In this paper , image processing and computer vision algorithms are optimized to enhance performance by increasing the cache memory utilization. This optimization increases the spatial locality and temporal locality and improves the system performance. The proposed optimization is applied on a set of image processing operations such as image intensity transformation, image filtering, geometric transformation, and CNN. The time analysis of the systems has shown a speed improvement of 30% to 70% compared with direct algorithm implementation.<br /> <br /> سرعة الذاکرة تمثل واحدة من أهم المشکلات التي تواجه عملية تطوير أنظمة سريعة لمعالجة الصور والرؤية بالحاسب. إن سرعة الذاکرة تمثل عنق الزجاجة في تحقيق أداء جيد نظرا للفجوة الکبيرة بين سرعة الذاکرة وسرعة المعالج. الذاکرة المخبأة هي ذاکرة سريعة جدا ولکنها صغيرة ولا يمکنها تخزين جميع البيانات والتعليمات المطلوبة. في هذا البحث يتم عمل تحسين لخوازميات الرؤية بالحاسب ومعالجة الصور من أجل تحسين الأداء عن طريق زيادة استغلال أفضل للذاکرة المخبأة. هذه الأمثلة تزيد من الترکيز المکاني والترکيز الوقتي لتحسين الأداء. الأمثلة المقترحة تم تطبيقها على العديد من عمليات معالجة الصور مثل تحويلات الوضوح و مرشحات الصور و التحويلات الهندسية و الشبکات العصبية. إن تحليلات الوقت لهذه الأنظمة أثبتت تحسينات في السرعة تصل من 30% إلى 70% مقارنة بالطرق المباشرة لتنفيذ هذه الخوارزميات.